While it is valuable information to know your financial net worth, you also have to be careful with relying on this information when determining financial independence. Even aside from financial independence, you can’t rely on your net worth to determine your retirement plans.
One of the primary reasons is that you have to take into account your cost of living or your expected cost of living. You could have a net worth of $3 million at the age of 55, but you can’t retire on this if you are expecting to spend $300,000 per year in retirement.
If you have a net worth of $3 million per year and only plan to spend $50,000 per year in retirement, this is a whole different ballgame. If you diversify your investments and nothing crazy happens (like hyperinflation), then your money should last.
Your Home
There is debate about whether to include your house in your net worth. For your net worth, I think it is appropriate. After all, if you own a $500,000 house with only $100,000 left on a mortgage, you are far better off than someone who owns a $500,000 house with a $400,000 mortgage.
However, you do have to be careful counting your house when it comes to financial independence or retirement.
Let’s say that Person A rents an apartment but has a net worth of $2 million that is in investments.
Person B has a house valued at $2 million and has paid it off completely, but has no investments and almost nothing in the bank.
They both have a net worth of $2 million. Yet, they are in very different situations. Person A, depending on his expenses, might be close to retiring.
Person B might be close to retiring if he is planning to sell his house next month in order to rent or to buy something like a $200,000 house.
However, if Person B has no intention of moving any time soon, then the $2 million net worth means almost nothing in terms of being financially independent. It’s the same situation as someone who owns a $300,000 house free and clear with no other assets. If anything, the $2 million house is a bigger liability because of higher property taxes and maintenance costs.
Person B’s one advantage is that he doesn’t pay rent and doesn’t have a mortgage payment. That’s the only advantage, unless he plans to sell his house and downsize.
Other Factors
There is a lot of messiness with calculating net worth and financial independence. One big factor is taxes.
If someone has $1 million in a 401k plan, that will be taxable when it is taken out. Meanwhile, someone else might have $1 million in a Roth IRA, which isn’t taxable upon withdrawal.
Both people have a million dollars, but one person’s million dollars is more valuable than the other’s because it isn’t subject to taxation.
I don’t even know how to fully account for this unless you want to get deep into the numbers and tax brackets. But it is at least something that should be considered. If you have a lot of money in a Roth IRA, you won’t need as much of it as you would need in an account that will be taxed.
The 4% Rule
In the financial independence community, people often reference the 4% rule. This means that you should be able to live on 4% of your financial assets. Another way to say this is that you need 25 times your annual expenses.
If you are planning to spend $100,000 per year in retirement, then you need $2.5 million to be financial independent and not have to generate additional income.
I am not that confident in this rule. I think it is assuming stock market returns that we have seen more recently without considering that returns may be far less in the future. Just a reversion to the mean will mean far lower returns in the coming years as compared to what we have seen over the last 15 years.
Another problem with the 4% rule is that it doesn’t seem to account for age. If you spend $100,000 per year and have $2.5 million, it will likely be enough for you if you are already 80 years of age.
If you are 40 years old and plan to retire forever on this money, I doubt it will be enough unless you can generate really good and consistent returns.
One last problem with the 4% rule is inflation. This is especially true for the younger person. What if we have a period of high price inflation? That $100,000 per year in expenses could go up to $150,000 per year in less than a decade. If your $2.5 million didn’t grow to $3.75 million over that same time, then you are now living on more than 4%. You can see the problem.
All it takes is a bad bear market and a few years of high price inflation to throw everything off.
This is why the 4% rule should only be a guide. There is no guarantee of what will last in retirement. You should at least be aware of the dangers of depending on the 4% rule.
Conclusion
Beware of anyone trying to make financial planning and retirement planning sound easy. Also be careful of assuming high investment returns.
We often hear that the U.S. stock market generates 8% annual returns. But these are not consistent returns. They don’t account for inflation and taxes. And most of all, there is no guarantee that they will continue.
When looking at financial independence and/ or retirement, your expenses matter a lot. A paid-off house shouldn’t be counted in your column of financial assets unless you are planning to sell it. The benefit is that you can lower your expense side if you don’t have rent or a mortgage payment.
Lastly, the thing that matters most is that you save. Do something! If you save money and buy investments that don’t do particularly well, you will still be far ahead of someone who doesn’t save at all.