Velocity, or demand for money, is a topic that is not understood real well.  When it comes to price inflation, the focus tends to be on the money supply.  While the money supply is extremely important and it has an effect on velocity, it is really only one half of the equation.

Velocity is the speed at which money changes hands.  It is also called the demand for money.  If the demand for money is high, then people are holding onto their money and spending less.  Another way of saying this is that the velocity is low.  Money is changing hands at a slow pace.  If people are spending money and it is changing hands quickly, then velocity is high and the demand for money is low.

After the fall of 2008, velocity slowed down.  People spent less money, paid down debt, and were cautious with their money because of fear of unemployment and a bad economy.

If there is an increase in the supply of money, this should raise the general price level.  If velocity slows down, this has a counter effect.  Low velocity is deflationary on prices.  The opposite is also true.  An increase in velocity acts as an inflationary effect on prices.

This is important to understand because prices will not always move with the money supply.  The money supply could increase and yet we might not see prices rise because people are scared and holding onto their money.  You can have more money in the system, but prices won’t rise unless people are using the money to bid up prices.

By the same token, price inflation could also increase faster than monetary inflation.  That is a real threat that we have to worry about.  The Fed will not intentionally cause hyperinflation.  The Fed members and other bankers would essentially be destroying their own game.  Hyperinflation would be bad for almost everyone, including bankers and politicians.  The threat though is that the Fed tries to produce mild price inflation, as it is trying now, but gets carried away and can’t stop the massive price inflation.  The Fed could slam on the monetary brakes, but if the general public views the U.S. dollar as risky to hold onto, then velocity could go up very quickly.  People might start spending money like crazy, knowing that it will be worth less every day that it is held.

If the general public thinks that the Fed will not stop and that high inflation will continue, then a hyperinflation of prices could occur.  This is not a prediction as I think the Fed will pull back eventually and the general public will realize it and we will have a deep recession or depression.  But it is good to know what it possible and runaway price inflation is possible because of velocity.  It all depends upon the attitudes of those holding the currency (which also includes foreigners).  So while we should pay close attention to the money supply and bank reserves, we should also pay attention to the views of the market and whether people are spending their money in fear of future inflation.

Velocity is almost impossible to measure, but we should at least try to get a sense of what the general thoughts and attitudes are of those holding U.S. dollars.

It will be important over the next 8 months to watch the monetary base and the excess reserves held by commercial banks.  Although there are other factors, these two charts will give us a good idea of how much new money is being injected into the economy.  The more money that enters, the higher prices will go.

Again, this isn’t the only factor.  Velocity, or the demand for money, plays a huge role (more on that in the future), but the supply of new dollars in the economy will have a major impact on consumer prices.

We need to watch what Bernanke and the Fed do, not just what they say.

For the adjusted monetary base, go here:
http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/usfd/page3.pdf

For the excess reserves, go here:
http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?chart_type=line&s[1][id]=EXCRESNS&s[1][range]=1yr

Charles Goyette is the author of the lead story on LewRockwell.com today.  Goyette is the author of a great book called The Dollar Meltdown.  If I had to advise someone on what to do with their money, I would tell them to put a large portion, say 80%, in a permanent portfolio as outlined by Harry Browne in his book Fail Safe Investing.  With the remainder of your money, put it in the investments recommended by Goyette in his book.

Now let’s talk some more about QE2.  The Fed is planning to buy $600 billion worth of bonds over the next 8 months, plus up to another $300 billion that it collects from its current assets.  We can forget about the $300 billion because it is really neutral as far as the money supply.  It is the $600 billion we need to focus on.

Does this new money run up the national debt?  No, not directly.  If the Fed didn’t create this new money, would the debt go down?  No, at least not in the short-term.  So what does this money creation mean?

Basically, the Fed is buying government bonds from brokers.  The brokers buy the bonds from the government and the Fed buys the bonds from the brokers.  The Fed is basically handing over newly created money to the government, with a commission going to the brokers.  The government is handing over bonds (promises to pay) to the Fed.  The Fed’s balance sheet goes up.  The money that goes to the government did not exist before.  This increases the money supply.

If the Fed did not do this, the government would have a couple of choices.  It could balance its budget (yeah right) or it could sell its bonds to others.  Other purchasers of bonds could be individual investors, the Chinese government, the Japanese government, or mutual funds (which would be bought by individual investors) just to name some of the most common.  Since the Fed has also gotten into the bond buying business, the Fed will bid up the prices of bonds compared to what they would have been.  In other words, this lowers the interest rates on the bonds.

That is what QE2 does.  It is monetizing debt and by doing so, it is increasing the money supply and it is lowering interest rates.  The only catch is that because it is increasing the money supply, it is also increasing the risk of the value of the bonds (being paid back in depreciated dollars) which serves as a reason for rates to increase.  It basically causes a tug of war with interest rates.

We’ll talk more about what could happen with interest rates and bonds.  Although it is a tug of war and the Fed has a lot of power to keep rates low, it is unlikely that they will stay low for a long time, especially if the banks start lending out this money and we see massive price inflation.

With the Fed’s announcement of QE2 (more money creation out of thin air), it is becoming more likely that we will see high price inflation in the somewhat near future.  While a lot will depend on action by the banks, it wouldn’t surprise me to see the CPI rising at 15% or more in the next year or two.  I know that CPI isn’t accurate when it comes to reading inflation (monetary or price), but it is still useful to look at it to see trends.

The most important thing you can do is to have a portion of your investments, say 25% or maybe a little more in this environment, in assets that will do especially well in inflation.  I don’t like TIPS (bonds indexed to the CPI) because they are dependent on the government’s reading of inflation and they also are not a good hedge because they don’t go up in real terms.

Investments appropriate to hedge against inflation are precious metals and other commodities.  Gold and silver are the best metals, but I favor gold because it is less volatile.  Oil and food are important because we use these things in our daily lives.  Although traditional stocks may go up during inflationary times, they are not as reliable and will probably go down in real terms (inflation adjusted).  There are a wide variety of ETFs and mutual funds to invest in to get exposure to commodities.

While I will expand on these at a later time, there is something else you can do as a minor hedge against price inflation and you can’t really lose money on it.  It is something I’ve talked about before, but it is worth repeating.  If prices are going to be higher a year from now, why not buy things now instead of a year from now when prices are higher?  If you have storage space where you live, there are a lot of things that you can buy now and store for later.  I don’t recommend buying a house or car (unless you really need one and can afford one), but there are always things you know you will need.  Here is a sample list of things that you can buy now and store for later.  I’m sure you can add many things to this list:

Toilet Paper
Paper Towels
Kleenex
Laundry Detergent
Dishwashing Soap
Shampoo
Bar Soap
Toothpaste
Canned Food
Canned Soda
Bottled Water

Use the first in, first out method.  These are just a few things in a long list.  You will not become rich using this method, but you might save a few bucks down the road.  What do you think the chances are of these things being less expensive a year from now?  If you have the space, why not start buying in bulk? If you see a sale at the store, buy some extra.  If you buy $500 worth of stuff today and prices go up by 20%, then you will save $100.  If you wait for sales, you will save even more.

Again, this method won’t make you rich, but it is something easy you can do if you have the storage space.  If you have any extra money, it is better to buy cheaper goods now than to have it in a savings account earning less than one percent interest.

As news of the Fed’s announcement last week to buy $600 billion in U.S. government bonds is ingested, we have seen a lot of reaction to this plan throughout the planet.  Today, there is a story of one of the Fed governors, Kevin Warsh, who is now questioning the Fed plan.  Of course, he voted for the program, so it doesn’t mean much now.  There was only one Fed official, Thomas Hoenig, who voted against the measure.

In other news, Obama is in India right now and he spoke about the Fed plan.  When asked about international worry, he said that the Fed program would jump start the American economy and that that benefits other countries.  There is no polite way to say this, but Obama is an idiot when it comes to economics.  He has absolutely no clue and he has surrounded himself with Marxists and Keynesians, if there is a difference.  He believes that the government is the answer to all of our problems and he has no concept of how the free market works.

Meanwhile, criticism is growing from the international community.  Politicians from other countries are warning of consequences of the Fed plan.  Some of these warnings are accurate and well-founded.  Others are pure politics.  It’s not to say that the accurate ones aren’t playing politics, but at least they are right in what they are saying.

It is amazing how powerful the internet is.  It is also amazing how much of an affect Ron Paul has had, along with the other libertarians of the world.  There is a lot of criticism of the Fed that wouldn’t have existed 10 years ago.  There are a lot of people warning about the possible consequences of QE2 and how it may trigger inflation (QE2 itself is inflation, but we’ll cut them a break and assume they mean price inflation).

Tomorrow, I’ll discuss some easy ways to hedge against possible price inflation.  While there is no guarantee, it seems that much higher prices are looking more and more likely in our future.

During the fall of 2008, the big banks were bailed out.  They were bailed out by Bush, Congress, and the Federal Reserve.  The Fed more than doubled the monetary base in a short period of time.  This was a unique event in modern American history.

The massive increase in monetary inflation did not translate into massive price inflation.  The money that was created by the Fed went to the banks.  The banks have held this money as excess reserves.  Normally, the banks are only required to hold about 10% of deposits in reserve.  The other 90% is lent out.  If a bank dips below the 10% requirement, it borrows money at the overnight rate.  This is the Fed funds rate that is talked about so often.  Because most banks don’t have to borrow to meet their reserve requirement these days, the Fed funds rate is near zero.  The Fed says it is holding the rate near zero, but it is really the excess reserves held by banks that is keeping the rate near zero.  With massive excess reserves, most banks don’t have to worry about falling below the reserve requirement right now.

Since this money created out of thin air has been parked at the banks, it has not resulted in massive price inflation.  The money is not being lent out or spent.  It is also preventing the fractional reserve process from taking place.  In normal times, somebody would deposit, let’s say, $1,000.  Knowing that only a small number of people show up at any given time to withdraw money from their account, the bank would lend up to 90% of deposits.  In this case, the bank would lend out $900.  This $900 might end up in another bank and this bank would lend out 90% of $900 or $810.  This process keeps going.  This is fractional reserve banking.  It keeps going unless a lot of people start showing up at the bank to redeem their money.  This is a run on the bank.  The FDIC was created in the 1930s to protect people’s money.  This has prevented runs on banks (for the record, I’m not saying this is a good thing).  The fractional reserve process can also be reversed if banks stop lending money.

Two years ago, the Fed did something unusual, besides the massive increase in the monetary base.  The Fed bought mortgage backed securities instead of U.S. government bonds.  All or most of these mortgage backed securities were probably high risk loans.  Due to the popping of the housing bubble, there are a lot of bad loans that people can’t or won’t pay.  The Fed bought these for more than what they were worth.  This money went directly to the banks that used the money to increase their reserves.  The banks are probably scared to lend out this money because of what potentially lies ahead.

The next round of quantitative easing (QE2) involves the Fed buying $600 billion in U.S. government bonds.  This is a different scenario than buying mortgage backed securities.  However, this money could still end up parked at the banks.  Even if this newly created money went into the hands of average Americans, they will deposit it at a bank.  If the bank keeps this money on deposit and doesn’t lend any of it out, excess reserves can still go up more.  This would again prohibit the process of fractional reserve lending.  It would prevent a quick jump in prices.

This is a possibility, but it is also just as possible that this newly created money won’t sit at the banks.  This is what we need to watch.  If the excess reserves don’t increase with what is supposed to be an increase in the monetary base coming up, then we should expect high price inflation within a relatively short period of time, say a year.

After the market had a chance to digest the Fed announcement of buying an additional $600 billion in bonds, the dollar went down.  The major things that go up with dollar weakness were up big.  Oil was up.  Stocks were up.  Gold was up over $40 per ounce.  Silver was up really big.

There is some negative reaction from China, Brazil and other places.  Some, like politicians in Brazil, see it as a currency war.  If you are in another country, why should you care if the U.S. wants to destroy its own currency?  The only way it will affect you is by the U.S. having less to trade.  China has a reason to care though.  The Chinese government owns hundreds of billions of dollars of U.S. government bonds.  The Chinese are going to be paid back in depreciated dollars if they are paid back at all.

We’ll continue to watch the adjusted monetary base and the excess reserves held by banks.  If this additional inflation finds its way into the economy, we could see massive price inflation in the near future.  It is really time to pay attention.  The Fed is wrecking the dollar and it will have severe consequences.

I don’t think Bernanke is dumb enough to drive us into hyperinflation, but we can’t be 100% certain because the man is already doing stupid things.  He swore to Milton Friedman that the Fed would never let another great depression happen again.  He thinks the reason the Great Depression was so bad is because the Fed didn’t print enough.  If he really believes this, then he truly is a moron.

Be ready for prices to skyrocket.  Grocery bills will go up.  A trip to the gas station will be more expensive.  Shopping for clothes won’t be much fun when you see the price tags.  Don’t expect your wages to go up though.  If they go up, it will only be nominally.  They will not keep up with price inflation.  High price inflation is almost inevitable at this point the way Bernanke is running the show.  It probably isn’t a question of if, but when.

There have been two significant events this week.  First, the election results are in.  It turned out about as well as a libertarian could hope for, at least realistically in today’s world.  The Republicans will have a majority in the House and the Democrats maintain a slim majority in the Senate.  It is being seen as, not a win by Republicans, but as a repudiation of the Democrats.  A majority of people don’t like Obamacare, along with all of the big spending, and that is why the Democrats lost so badly.

I was disappointed to see that leftist California voted down an amendment to legalize marijuana.  Here is a state that is electing socialists all over the place and yet they can’t get a majority to vote on legalizing a drug that is one of the least harmful of illegal drugs.  It makes you wonder what hope there is.  It just means that libertarians have to work harder to educate others on individual freedom and how it is beneficial to nearly everyone.

The second important topic is the Federal Reserve.  An announcement came out today that the Fed will likely purchase long-term government bonds.  It will do this for the next 8 months, buying $75 billion per month.  This totals $600 billion.  It will also continue to rollover money collected from expiring bonds.  The Fed did include language that it would monitor the economy and make adjustments when necessary.

This announcement is about what the market had already priced in to this point.  The stock market did not make any really dramatic moves for an announcement this big.  The dollar fell, but not dramatically.  It will be more interesting to see how the market reacts over the next couple of days.

We’ll continue to monitor this whole thing and there will be many more posts on this topic.  We will have to keep an eye on excess reserves, to see what the banks do with this money.  Will it sit as excess reserves, similar to what happened with the last major increase in the monetary base two years ago?  Will the banks lend this newly created money out and spark high price inflation?  This is a significant amount of money being created out of thin air and it will only make things worse.  We will just have to see how it takes form.

If voting changed anything, they’d make it illegal.
~Emma Goldman

Voting is good and bad for freedom.  In a completely free society, voting would be a non-issue.  The only relevant voting would be in your private life.  You might be voting with your friends on where to go to dinner.  Voting for government politicians wouldn’t matter because either there would be no government or the government would have virtually no power over your life, so it wouldn’t matter who was elected.

In our current society, voting is a cover for politicians.  It makes people feel like they are in control.  In most cases, they aren’t.  People think that as long as there are elections, they are free.  This isn’t true.  You can live in a very oppressive society while retaining the right to vote.  India is an economic mess and they are considered a democracy.  Of course, democracy is part of the problem.  Democracy can mean that the majority oppresses the minority.  The ironic thing is, democracy usually leads to the majority oppressing themselves, while the minority live well.  But the minority makes the majority think they are in control.

There is a positive aspect of voting.  As Murray Rothbard wrote in 1978,


“Until or unless the United States changes from free elections to dictatorship, the question of armed revolution is, at the very least, totally irrelevant to the American scene.”


The only way for the U.S. or any other country/area to achieve freedom is by changing the hearts and minds of the people.  A violent revolution will achieve nothing, but not just because violence is not the answer.  In order to achieve liberty, the majority of the people need to understand and advocate liberty.  And if you get to a point where most of the people are liberty oriented, then the only thing that is necessary is for the people to withdraw their consent.  This holds true whether voting is allowed or it is a dictatorship.  But withdrawing consent is even easier where voting is permitted.


Things have changed a lot in the last couple of years.  With the Ron Paul presidential campaign in 2007/2008, with the power of the internet, and with the horrible government policies, there has been a shift in the general attitude of the American people.  There is a lot of work to do in educating others on the benefits of liberty, but we can see progress and there is much hope for the future.  It is not because we will elect the “right” people, but because people will simply turn away from government and look for other ways to solve their problems.

That is not exactly the headline from the media, but it’s close enough.  The headline is “Fed Likely to Announce $500 Billion of Purchases, Survey Shows”.  The bet is that the Fed will create inflation of half a trillion dollars.  This is huge, especially when it is added on top of the over 1 trillion dollars created 2 years ago.

The Fed and the economy are in trouble at this point, no matter what is done.  The best case scenario is for the Fed to stop creating money out of thin air and to start withdrawing its earlier money creation.  Of course, this would put some banks in jeopardy of failing, which then causes a problem for the FDIC which is bankrupt and would depend on a bailout from the Fed.  It is one big circular mess.  And the Fed won’t do this anyway because it is politically incorrect and goes against the Keynsianism of the establishment.

Instead, the Fed will continue to accommodate Congress and the big banks.  In the process, it will continue to weaken the dollar and set the stage for massive price inflation in the United States.  Assuming the headlines are correct and the Fed injects another half trillion dollars, the question will be what happens with the money.  Most of the previous money created is now sitting as excess reserves with the banks.  The banks are not lending this out because of fear.  They need to make sure they stay solvent.

So what will happen with this new money?  Will it add to the excess reserves or will it find its way out into the economy?  Either way, trouble lies ahead.  If it stays as excess reserves, we will continue to see a weak economy that resembles something like Japan.  If the banks decide to lend out the money, then we will be looking at high price inflation in the near future, along with more bubbles.

The Fed is in trouble.  It is trying to do the politically correct thing.  It is putting the dollar at risk.  It is lowering our standard of living.  It is misallocating capital on a grand scale.  Eventually, it will have to choose between a depression or a complete collapse of the currency.  Hopefully it will choose depression.